Theoretical Understanding of using ICT in education:

ICT is one of the ways of teaching and learning. There are many more theories related to ICT. 21st century is the age of technology. Here are different kinds of online learning like; flipped learning, blended learning, online learning community and so on. Similarly, flipped classroom is new way of learning using ICT tools. It is based on the constructivist model. Learners use different kinds of previous experience to build new knowledge. Teachers create lesson plans and make some theoretical definition of related topic and send it on online. After watching these videos, students can learn it at home. On the other hand, flipped learning is another way of teaching and learning where students actively participate and interact with each other. Students are free to ask question after the completion of activities. Flipped classroom enhances students to view different videos online and grab the rooted theme on it. In traditional teaching style, teachers are sovereign to pass the primary information to students. However flipped learning is more advanced in comparison to traditional lecture method, no students is mentee and no teacher is mentor in this type of learning. 

Videos, podcasts, blogs etc kept in internet lets students to view prior to lecture in the coming days. Students are free to generalize the videos and have discussion online.

Similarly, blended learning is another way of teaching which integrates technology and digital media with traditional instructor-led classroom activities. It is the Hybrid learning, technology-mediated instruction, web-enhanced instruction, or mixed-mode instruction. It facilitates students to entertain the freedom to share their learning experience. Teachers mediate the students in every problem. Sharing one’s idea with other between teachers and students evolve the new proliferation of knowledge. 

Moreover online learning community is built by taking assistance of technology. Online community is built when there assemble the information seekers in one platform. By the use of ICT tools, both students and teachers actively surf on internet no matter wherever they are. By the use of ICT the students go in internet search engines and try to grab more specific information. Online learning community is the nexus of people who share the common purpose of having more and more information so as to understand something in deeper level. By the acquaintance of ICT teachers can do the

 Administrative tasks (routine tasks’ (record keeping, lesson plan development, information presentation, basic information searches on the Internet).

 Computer assisted instruction (if teacher forgets to give mandatory information in the class, he or she can keep information using ICTs, by using different gadgets like computer, tablets, laptops, they can pass the knowledge to students.)

 Teachers become more knowledgeable by searching on internet and new trend on pedagogical aspects in teaching learning can be adopted by teachers of various countries, new perspective can be built according to time. 

 Makes more confident and motivated to students and teachers both because of wide range of knowledge in detail.

 Build more confidence and motivation

 Wide range of sources with students.

Behaviourism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, and Connectivism are built by accompanying ICT in classroom.

In overall, ICT assists on both theoretical and practical aspects, casting off physical presence and bringing remote learning facilitates both aspects share affluent information. ICT’s assistance on making ease the arbitrary language in the general one, generalizing the true scenario of any content by any means eases in teaching learning in the vast degree.

References

Bakkabulindi F.E. K., Luhamya A., P.B. Muyinda. (2017). Integration of ICT in Teaching and Learning: A Review of Theories. Makerere Journal of Higher Education. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v9i1.2.

            https://lesley.edu › article › an-introduction-to-flipped-l..

            https://elmlearning.com › Learning Lab

 Flip Your Classroom

By Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams

Chapter seven and chapter eight

Enrique is an average student in every subject; however, he feels toughness in going through the math classes. Teacher comes in the class and solves some of the mathematical calculation. Teacher teaches in a commendable speed and the class ends up. When Janice comes at home, he is given the bunch of homework he tries to remember the formulae and apply it himself but he cannot because he is a weak student at math. There are no options for Enrique either to meet the teacher or ask about the same assignment or to copy from his friends. Will it be effective to copy others’ assignments without understanding the underlying meaning of any text? Will it be productive?

Janice is another character who goes through the same circumstances, miss last class of chemistry for her games and matches. How can she generalize the combinations of every soluble item in labs without getting sufficient information and knowledge, because she has missed the last class? 

Ashley is another student who bears the same fortune, goes through day by day presence in the school, but is still weak despite of daily presence. How can the representative characters like Enrique, Janice, Ashley and thousands of students get rid of the same problem?

Scenario on traditional method

From the decades ago till now, students are suffering on falling on classroom and hearing to the lectures passed by teachers and coming back to home after six to eight hours of sitting in classroom. With the assistance of blackboard, whiteboard, chalk, marker and other utensils, teachers pass one way information leaving the students inactive, if taken to discussion or forum some students can have discussion and others remain silent at back does not bring the splendid level of understanding about the course. Bringing homework, bunch of books and paper at school spending more time on doing homework and having no privilege to contact with teacher besides school hours cannot make students productive. What may be the solution that helps students and teachers to stand at the same forum exchanging knowledgeable contents being corroborative? 

Initiation of flip the classroom

Is there any solution to those students who are busy and is looking for the resourceful classes? Yes, acknowledging the flip the class can solve all the problems laid by traditional technique. How?

 With the advancement of technology, modern world is narrowed down in the small sphere needs smart work rather than hard work. 

 Teaching learning perspective has been changed slightly in which students centered learning has been proved effective.

 Videos, podcasts etc on the subject matter enhances makes students think multidimensional. 

 Learning aids personalization- facilitates more time to interact with each other, recorded classes can be viewed anytime, casts difficulties of understanding.

 At the end of session of any recorded class, at last students are assigned to do their assignment, students can submit their assignment online, eliminates more time consuming and bears more reliability. 

 Makes more resourceful.

 Eases teachers to have easy access over the students, and have new ideas by the sharing of grabbed ideas in both parties.

 Flipping helps busy students, those who cannot take the routine class, can view the recorded class and generalize own self.

 Flipping helps students to excel in results because it has no boundary of time and limit.

 Flipping helps classroom environment to be more cordial and interesting and fetches transparency. 

 Brings more understanding, by viewing the recorded stuff time and often, if occurred difficulty, it facilitates discussion with no time frame, brings more competence in students.

 Makes students more creative by viewing the recorded classes, can get prior information of any classes.

How to implement the flipped classroom

 Assignment in videos form- students can make video of certain matter on their assimilation.

 Acknowledgement of different gadgets like mobile, tablets, laptop, webcam, software, electronic whiteboard, microphone, slide changer, pointer etc eases on making, processing and posting of videos.

 Making concise, short, videos draw the attention of students, makes more curious.

The flipped classroom mastery

  Sharing information in a small number or individually, makes deeper understanding than the traditional one.

  Due to formative access over students can evaluate students’ understanding.

  Consistent observation and assessment to students leads to more activeness and those who are lacking mastery are given the reassessment. 

  Good and positive results, reformed results in every subject matter.

  Teacher as a mediator not as a dictator brings positive aspiration in students, do not take teacher as a sovereign body, by the sharing of knowledge in parallel degree the results means to be acme.

  Reducing the paper work, cuts off the burden in teacher feel relaxed.

  By presenting the presentations of any topic, students are found to be more energetic, technology friendly, studious with keen interest.

Implementation of flipped mastery model

Counseling with parents and replicating the proper model leads good productivity of students in learning. How to implement?

 Dragging and inspiring students to watch the same video at the beginning.

 Inform parents about the model and assure them.

 Teach students about the video making, editing, posting and absorbing the necessary knowledge.

 Asking questions to the students who do not view the contents through video, implementing proper assessment.

 Setting norms that there should be questions about the area of interest with respect to subject matter. 

In overall, flipped model is an effective model which has brought commendable changes in learning than the traditional lecture method. Due to easy access of time, cost friendly, technology friendly the model has been proved to be like games unlike teacher centered style.

 

 Design a model of teaching through an online mode and describe it in about 1000 words.

Introduction

There are different types of learning approaches, one through physically presented and the other by not physically presented. The first is more precise and easier as well as traditional method whereas the second one is virtual or online in which teachers and students do not present in the class but share their ideas on courses related contents using online gadgets.  According to, Zulaikha Mohd Basar, Azlin Norhaini Mansor, Khairul Azhar Jamaludin, Bity Salwana Alias “Online learning (e-learning) describes any form of pedagogy delivered using digital technology. Such methods incorporate visual graphics, text, animations, videos and audio. In addition, online pedagogy can also facilitate group learning and the assistance of instructors within specific fields”. (Zulaikha 2021). E-learning is an effective means of today’s world. This is the era of globalization. People are busy so as students feel cozy learning from home. Before the concept of online learning, there was an only one concept of visiting schools or college physically and teacher would teach the students standing at front, how could teaching learning take place without physically being presented, sitting in home, using computer and so on? 

Online learning is education that takes place over the Internet. It is often referred to as “e-

learning” among other terms. However, online learning is just one type of “distance learning” the umbrella term for any learning that takes place across distance and not in a traditional

classroom. In “though there are numerous examples of the usage of machines and tools in education throughout history, e-learning in the modern sense of the term is a relatively new concept. Slide projectors and television-based classes have been in use since the 1950s. However, one of the first instances of online learning in the world can be traced back to 1960, at the University of Illinois, USA.” (Soumik, Sarkar, 2020). Worldwide the trend of online education got spread due to simple and easy access. For easy access over the higher education in Nepal, Nepal Open University is providing remote learning since 2073 B.S Time and again there is many disturbances in the world, like natural calamities and global pandemics. Those types of disturbances do not allow students to visit school and interact with teachers physically presented. In this case the online mode of learning is more beneficial for all.

Model of Online Teaching Learning:

 Audio based model- Audio based model relates to audio conferencing, audio tapes and cds, two-way radio etc. Students can hear to the tapes, cds, or attend to the audio conferencing, students can contact to teachers and take the guideline. 

 Television based model- Television based model encompasses one way communication. The contents related to teaching learning in any topic is made and broadcasted by television and students get the knowledgeable contents. In context of Nepal dish home is launching Dur Sikshya program in which there are channels through which various subjects-based contents are presented by teacher day wise.

 Radio based model- Radio based model primarily focuses upon the radio programs related to curriculum. In context of Nepal radio Nepal and radio Sagarmatha are broadcasting Bal program in which different stories and topic related contents are discusses precisely.

 Computer based model- It is very systematic and most popular means of todays teaching learning. Throughout the world people are very busy so as the children or somehow there is natural catastrophes and pandemic situation, on that intense situation teaching learning goes unaffected through computer-based multimedia medium. In Nepal it is most popular in these days. During pandemic of covid till these days schools and institutions are practicing this model. This model sets up two-way communication.

 Mobile based model- Mobile teaching learning is effective for learner. By using different applications like zoom or Microsoft teams teaching learning is done. The teaching learning is done by the exchange of opinion between the two parties. It facilitates teaching learning anywhere and anytime. It establishes two-way communication.

Online education in context of Nepal:

Online education or the virtual learning is more effective in countries like Nepal. Due to geographic variation and difficulties, online mode of learning may be fruitful. Due to Covid pandemic almost all the schools and institutions closed the services. There were no options beyond online teaching learning in remote based method. With the help of laptop, projector, internet, web portal and so on the teaching learning went on smoothly. There was more chance of academic session delay in the schools and colleges. On 30 May 2020, the Nepal Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MOEST) issued a Guideline for Facilitation of Student Learning through Alternative Means and established an online learning portal Sikai Chautari for learning continuity by bringing together audio, visual and e-resources. Nowadays many schools and academic institutions are taking over the online education that facilitates students to get connected from home without any hindrances. Google teams, Microsoft teams, zoom etc. Are some of the applications through which students are getting connected amongst students and teachers. Nowadays students feel easy getting connected by online means so as to learn and have courses related contents.

Benefits of online teaching and learning:

There are many benefits of online teaching and learning and they are as:

 Saves time

 Eases for all despite of any sort of geographic regions if there is accessibility of internet

 Easy and technologies based

 Flexibility

 More collaboration and interaction to all

 Cost friendly

 Speed of action 

Besides that, online mode for teaching learning facilitates students and teachers in all domains. It saves time because online class can be conducted from any places; the students can get easily connected from home and can have conversation with the teacher. The students of Darchula or any part of Olangchungola can easily converse with the teacher residing in Kathmandu or any part of the world. The other benefit of online learning is flexibility; there is no margin and boundary of any subject. Students can get detailed information over the topic and there is no boundary of time, the class can be conducted anytime and anywhere. Students can easily surf over the recorded videos anytime without restriction. Online learning is technology based that enables students and teachers to function the technological means and gadgets like computer, web, internet, projector etc. 

Examples

 During the Covid pandemic sustained for about 2 years, teaching learning got disturbed abruptly, but later on initiation of government of Nepal worked properly to manage the teaching learning through online or home based from electronic gadgets like mobile and laptop.

 Whenever there is ravaging calamities and natural destruction like mega earthquake there is no possibility of physical classes. The building or infrastructure gets demolished; the space for physical classes won’t be anymore. At that time the online based learning will be best. The chances of academic session delay get reduced and students are able have constant interaction with each other. 

Though online teaching learning is more affective, there are also drawbacks too, in online mode of teaching students and teachers are connected to each other, teachers and students lack face to face tangible interaction with each other, gestures and so on, if computer¬-based learning goes on continually, then is not there any existence of classroom, corporal presence, papers, copies and books after all the hard copies? Can all the students afford the electronic gadgets feasible to online study, like mobile, laptop, computer, accessibility of internet? But in overall, like our country Nepal in which school children and college students who have to travel a long distance so as to reach school, takes more time, have to cross the rivers without bridges in remote parts of Kailali, online mode of teaching turns to be more fruitful. 

References

Sarkar, S. (2020). A Brief History of Online Education. Adamas University. Https://adamasuniversity.ac.in › a-brief-history-of-onlin..

Alias, B. S., Basar Z. M., Jamaludin K. A., Mansor A.N., & Jamaludin K. A. (2021). The Effectiveness and Challenges of Online Learning for Secondary School Students – A Case Study. Faculty of Education, University Kebangsaan Malaysia. P.121. Https://files.eric.ed.gov